In this week’s Acton Commentary, “Spiritual Competition and the Zero-Sum Game,” I examine a plaint against the market economy: that it engenders what Walter Rauschenbusch called “the law of tooth and nail,” petitive ethos that ends only when the opponent is defeated. In the piece, I trace some of the vociferousness of such claims to the idea of economic reality as a fixed or static pie:

The moral cogency of the argument petition is enhanced in a framework where the goods that are sought after are static. Whether conceived of in terms of market share or the size of a firm, business and political leaders often use language that makes it seem as if economic es at the expense of others.

Where goods are static, or otherwise limited in some way, petitive stakes are raised. Of course we see this not only in market activities but in other areas of life as well, and perhaps petitive realities are no better illustrated than petitive sports. We saw numerous examples petition in the past fortnight of Olympic coverage that ran the gamut from the good, the bad, and the ugly. One of the most memorable moments for me was the conclusion of the men’s 10k track race, when Mohamed Farah of the UK bested his American friend and training partner Galen Rupp. Here are two petitors who embrace, and Rupp celebrates not only his own silver medal but his friend’s great gold-medal performance.

As I conclude in petition that drives us to do and be better, in both spiritual and material terms, “ought to be celebrated rather than scorned.”