Who Was Abigail in the Bible?

　　We don’t get to hear about too many female figures in the Bible, and although we may have heard the name “Abigail” widely used in today’s vernacular, we may not know much about Abigail’s story in the Bible.

　　Abigail stands out for a number of reasons. Her name means “Whose Father is Joy.” We also learn from Scripture that Abigail hails from the land of Carmel, a land otherwise known as “God’s vineyard.” This means she would’ve come from a decent amount of wealth. We meet her married to a rather horrible man named Nabal who refuses to provide David food and shelter when David is on the run from Saul (1 Samuel 25). Instead, Nabal, Abigail’s then-husband, hurls insults at David. Here, Abigail sends loads of food to David and asks him not to do anything rash in regard to Nabal. Nabal dies at the hands of the Lord a few days later, and David marries Abigail.

　　Apart from this story 1 Samuel passage, we don’t find much about Abigail except a listing in Chronicles 3:1. In the Chronicles verse, we learn that she has a son named Daniel (not the one taken into captivity by the Babylonians).

　　What else do we know about Abigail? We’ll dive into all these questions and more.

　　

Abigail in the Bible

Abigail possessed beauty, wealth, and wisdom, yet her seemingly blissful marriage concealed a nightmarish reality. During Abigail's time, young women lacked the privilege of selecting their life partners. It's likely that her father chose Nabal as a spouse for his beautiful daughter primarily due to his substantial wealth. Nabal, whose name ironically meant "fool," was marked by alcoholism and cruelty. We see in 1 Samuel 25 that David enters the picture:

　　Then David moved down into the Desert of Paran. A certain man in Maon, who had property there at Carmel, was very wealthy. He had a thousand goats and three thousand sheep, which he was shearing in Carmel. His name was Nabal and his wife’s name was Abigail. She was an intelligent and beautiful woman, but her husband was surly and mean in his dealings—he was a Calebite. (1 Samuel 25:1-3)

　　Traditionally, landowners would show gratitude to those who safeguarded their livestock and shepherds from threats like thieves and wolves. David and his men had dutifully fulfilled this role in safeguarding Nabal and his flocks. Therefore, David expressed: “Go up to Nabal at Carmel and greet him in my name. Say to him: ‘Long life to you! Good health to you and your household! And good health to all that is yours! “‘Now I hear that it is sheep-shearing time. When your shepherds were with us, we did not mistreat them, and the whole time they were at Carmel nothing of theirs was missing. Ask your own servants and they will tell you. Therefore be favorable toward my men, since we come at a festive time. Please give your servants and your son David whatever you can find for them.” (1 Samuel 25:5-9)

　　But Nabal responds to David with insults and drives David to want to kill Nabal. - “Who is this David? Who is this son of Jesse? Many servants are breaking away from their masters these days. Why should I take my bread and water, and the meat I have slaughtered for my shearers, and give it to men coming from who knows where? (1 Samuel 25:10-11).... “It’s been useless—all my watching over this fellow’s property in the wilderness so that nothing of his was missing. He has paid me back evil for good. May God deal with David, be it ever so severely, if by morning I leave alive one male of all who belong to him!” (1 Samuel 25:21-22)

　　

Abigail's Wisdom and Strength

This is where we see Abigail step into the picture. Abigail is described as a woman of “beauty and brains.” Her speech to David is filled with wisdom and spiritual understanding. Abigail's religious testimony and familiarity with Jewish history suggest that she received early education in a devout household. Her acquaintance with the teachings of Israel's prophets further confirms this. Additionally, her appeal to David demonstrates her comprehension of the current events in her society. David is, of course, taken by her good looks, but she advises him not to take rash actions, even after he vowed to kill Nabal and Nabal’s family after Nabal insults him.

　　Abigail also tells David not to slay Nabal because God would do the vengeance if only David would wait on the Lord. This seems to indicate she had some prophetic giftings of some sort. The passage confirms this when she predicts David will be king over Israel. Abigail's intervention prevents an attack.

　　Upon Abigails return from meeting with David, Nabal dies of a heart-attack. David hears of the news and takes Abigail to be his wife.

　　

What We Learn from Abigail

Conflict Resolution: Abigail found herself in a precarious situation when her husband, Nabal, offended David and his men. Instead of reacting impulsively or escalating the conflict, she took decisive action. She quickly gathered provisions and went to meet David, who was heading to seek revenge against Nabal.Diplomatic Approach: Abigail approached David and his men with humility and diplomacy. She acknowledged their grievances and took responsibility for her husband's actions, even though she had no control over them. Her words were respectful and tactful, seeking to de-escalate the situation.

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　　Offering Peace: Abigail brought gifts and provisions to David, appealing to his sense of reason and righteousness. She sought peace and reconciliation, emphasizing that taking revenge would harm his reputation and relationship with God.

　　Trust in God: Abigail's actions demonstrated her trust in God's ultimate justice. She believed that God would handle Nabal's wrongdoing and didn't resort to violence or revenge. Her faith and trust in God's sovereignty were evident in her calm demeanor.

　　Wisdom and Persuasion: Abigail's speech to David was not only conciliatory but also wise and persuasive. She reminded David of his destiny and the importance of maintaining a blameless reputation. Her words convinced David to change his course of action and spare Nabal and his household.

　　Respectful Departure: After persuading David to relent, Abigail respectfully withdrew from the situation, allowing David to save face and avoid unnecessary bloodshed. She returned to Nabal and waited until the right moment to inform him of what had transpired.

　　In the face of a brewing conflict, Abigail's calm, diplomatic, and wise approach not only prevented violence but also showcased her character and faith. Her actions serve as an example of how wisdom, humility, and trust in God can help defuse tense situations and promote peace.

　　

Was Abigail David's Only Wife?

We do know that David was married to Michal. But this doesn’t mean he didn’t marry other women in addition to Abigail. The passage in 1 Samuel 25 makes it clear he also married Ahinoam, and married others along the way.

　　This commentary describes this as, “David was carried away by the corrupt custom of those times.”

　　But does David show the exception to polygamy? After all, most people in the Bible who marry more than one wife have great familial troubles as a consequence of this action (take, for instance, Jacob married two wives and all the drama that happens because of that).

　　Patriarchs also appear to have multiple concubines in addition to their wives. So, does Scripture allow polygamy?

　　Scripture makes it clear that by the time of Malachi God shows he desires a monogamous union. If two become one, it complicates things when you add additional wives or husbands to that formula.

　　We also do have to keep in mind that during the Old Testament times, women were seen more as property than humans [cultural views, not God’s] and that marriage would give them security, as we see from this article, If men were allowed to take multiple wives, they could satisfy various desires without divorce. If men were intent on objectifying and abusing women, God determined to put a few safety measures in place.

　　Perhaps that is why Abigail raised no objections to the fact that David had eight wives in all

　　Nevertheless, as stated in the Bible Study Tools article linked above, God “resets the clock” in the New Testament and Jesus’ teachings on marriage clearly show that God desires a marriage union between one man and one woman (Matthew 19).

　　We should also note that the examples of families with multiple spouses always seem to have massive drama or tragedy.

　　If we take one look at what happens to David’s sons, we can get a good idea of the dissolving family dynamic the Davidic dynasty had. Even Solomon, who seems to stand out from his brothers who rape and try to usurp David, falls into depravity and has 1000 wives and concubines.

　　

Significance and Lessons from Abigail's Story

We can learn from Abigail these 4 lessons in the face of adversity:

　　Be Calm - Being calm in God's guidance and direction means surrendering our will and desires to the divine wisdom and plan. It involves having faith that God's path for us is ultimately for our best, even when we encounter uncertainty or adversity. In this state of calm, we trust that God's timing is perfect, and we don't rush into impulsive decisions.Be Humble - Humility is not always easy, but it is important quality when we are seeking to experience a life lead by Jesus. When we are humble, we are more likely to experience God's grace and love, and we are more likely to be used by God to make a difference in the world.Be Generous - Generosity reflects the love of God and allows us to open doors that would otherwise be closed. In relationships, being generous can disarm anger and allow for understanding to take place.Be Godly - Knowing God's promises and calling upon them in times of need gave Abigail the wisdom she needed to get David to listen. The Bible tells us that Scripture is more powerful than a two-edged sword (Hebrews 4:12)